Shortage of working capital its effect on Business

Deficiency of working capital its impact on Business Working capital is characterized as the working liquidity accessible to a business, association or some other business substance. It is likewise part of a companys working capital. A business is supposed to be exchanged when its present resource are more than its present liabilities, however it would have a working capital insufficiency when its present liabilities are all the more less the current resources. Figuring: Net Working Capital = Current resources Current liabilities. To guarantee that the a firm can proceed with its activity and that there is adequate income to fulfill both developing transient obligation and up and coming operational costs, working capital ought to be all around oversaw. Working Capital Management This is a system of maintainingâ proficientâ levels of the two parts of working capital, current resources and current liabilities, in regard to each other. Working capital administration ensures that an organization has sufficient income so as to meet its momentary obligation and working expenses.â Liquidity Cycle Overseeing working capital is tied in with guaranteeing that money accessible for business (everyday) use is adequate to meet money prerequisites at some random time. This implies having enough liquidity. The administration of working capital is a persistent procedure, to such an extent that when a business takes off creation, it takes effort to produce pay. Cash to pay for stock and other running costs should be found from the underlying capital put resources into the business. As the business cycle proceeds, pay from clients will be accessible to balance consumption. Adequate assets are expected to pay for extra use until the income restores. This nonstop procedure is known as Liquidity Cycle. Credit Sales Clients (Debtors) Pay up Capital infused into a major firm Acquisition of Materials Created products Motivations behind working capital administration To guarantee that a business firm has enough money to meet momentary monetary needs To keep money moving quickly through the cycle, so that there is sufficient assets to make future requests Impacts of deficiency of working capital Deficient working capital is the commonest reason for business disappointment and liquidity. Numerous liquidity issues are a consequence of the firm not saving adequate more for working capital (coming about to a hand-to-mouth) providers A firm with too small working capital will battle to take care of its tabs on time since it has no extra money and thus resort to deferring installments which likewise influences providers. It might need to obtain more cash to pay provider at high premium charge. Bank High extra expense of premium charges from banks are for the most part related to obtained reserves. Notwithstanding, credit suppliers additionally discover and need no doubt or guaranteed that their borrowers are effectively dealing with their working capital issues before advances are allowed Botched chances A firm with deficiency of working capital will pass up on many benefit producing chances running from failure to abuse gainful speculation chances to powerlessness to purchase supplies in mass. Confined present and future turn of events or development Working capital lack will ruin the present and future development and extension of a business and will make a firm unfit to finish with its prevailing rivals in a serious business condition Reasons for working capital deficiency There are two spots where the reason for the deficiencies of working capital could be distinguished, and these are the Internal and outside. These regions are tended to as follows: Interior causes Creation deferrals and interference that don't make the completed great arrive at end clients Modern strikes Promoting issues which are incited by low interest of an item and longer credit terms planned for moving unsold stocks Administrative issues because of poor stock administration or creation the board that can result to extra expenses. Outer Causes Changes to monetary atmosphere, for example, swelling, tax assessment, financing cost, downturn Request decline (fall) brought about by changes in taste, style and so on Sudden non-installment by clients coming about to terrible obligation. Working capital control measures To keep up a decent liquidity proportion, a firm ought to viably/proficiently deal with the components of its working capital, for example, indebted individuals, money, stocks, loan bosses and so forth. Coming up next are measures taken to deal with an organizations working capital and furthermore to stay away from inadequate or lack in the capital: Exchange DEBTORS MANAGEMENT Build up a credit strategy comparable to ordinary credit periods and in general credit control Set up an arrangement on singular credit (diagonal) limit. Obligation assortment the board, for example, Brief Invoicing Offer markdown to customers who pay on schedule Issue month to month proclamation to debtors(as update) Establishment a viable obligation assortment and control framework Gather past due obligation Exchange CREDITORS MANAGEMENT Increment the scope of products and ventures purchased using a credit card for example have a decent FICO score Dont over expand the timeframe taken to pay obligation Gathering installments productively by expanding the bit of money clients STOCK MANAGEMENT Guarantee a proficient creation process Limiting stock degrees of work in progress Guarantee products are conveyed immediately Limiting loads of wrapped up Limiting stock misfortunes Proficient stock control Money MANAGEMENT Utilization of income figure Plan for minutes where there will be too little money to maintain a strategic distance from liquidity emergency Money arranging and planning Income the executives Quicken subsidize development among banks

British Airways Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

English Airways - Case Study Example Business dangers: It is seen that the higher the dangers of the business, the lower ought to be the reliance on obligation, or outside assets. With regards to British Airways, it is seen that outfitting rate has descended from 67.7% in 2004-05 to only 28.8% in 2007-08. As it were, it shows that the reliance for obligation capital has descended by about 58% in only 3 years, averaging almost 20% drop every year. (Monetary features). One of the primary purposes behind the drop in equipping to 28.8% in 2007-08 could be the better working presentation and the development of held benefits and saves during the years, this regardless of elevated structures in fuel, worker and other working expenses. It is likewise observed that Regardless of increments in the UK and US coasting rates, our advantage payable on bank and different advances decreased, mostly because of lower obligation levels. (Chief monetary official's report proceeded p.4). Further, it is seen that because of development in held benefits, the obligation value proportion was just 28.8% during 2008, which is lower than a year ago. Once more, thinking about working leases, obligation/all out capital proportion was 38.4%. (CFO report proceeded p.5). Market estimation of a firm is controlled by its procuring ... They areissuing offers or acquiring from banks. Obligation value proportion: It is the proportion of obligation to the value. An organization's budgetary influence can be determined by dividingits absolute liabilitiesbystockholders' value. It shows the extent of value and obligation the organization is utilizing to back its assets.It is otherwise called the Personal Debt/Equity Ratio, thiscan be applied to both individual fiscal reports and organizations' budget summaries. A high obligation/value proportion shows that the organization has been forceful in financing its development or value with obligation. This can bring about high income because of the extra cost. On the off chance that an organization is utilizing parcel ofdebtfinance in its tasks (high obligation to value), it can create more earningsthan it would have without thisoutside financing.If this were to expand income by a more prominent sum than the obligation cost (premium), at that point the investors will get higher measure of profit as profit. Be that as it may, the expense of this obligation financing may exceed the arrival thatthe companygenerates on the obligation through speculation and business exercises and become a lot for the organization to deal with. This can prompt chapter 11, which would leave investors with nothing. The fundamental preferred position of obligation financing is that it is a less expensive wellspring of money. It implies that necessary pace of profit for value will consistently be higher than the loan fee on obligation, there is a covered up cost associated with the expense of value. What's more, the expense of value rises when we use more obligatio n financing. This is one purpose behind utilizing the normal expense of capital in esteeming a venture or organization which is increasingly suitable, regardless of whether we expect to get all the cash to back it. While we may utilize modest obligation to back a task, the

How to Write Myself Essay

How to Write Myself EssayThe Self Essay is such a famous concept that many students of English will want to know how to write a Self Essay. However, they are so used to this form that they have no idea what they can write that will make it successful. I am often asked, 'How can I write a Self Essay that I can use in the first and second years?' While this is very useful advice, I think there are a few things that you should be aware of before you try to write your own Self Essay.First, a lot of people are not sure that they want to write their own Self Essay. This is very common, and unfortunately students should always answer this question 'no' to themselves. It is a big shock when you find yourself in this situation, because it is hard to decide that you would like to do something different. For example, many students are afraid to take a year off from school and work at home. Another major fear for most people is writing down a document that they have to rewrite every year.The fir st year in college is often the hardest, but it doesn't mean that the second year has to be any harder. You are more confident in yourself, and you can take more time to work on the written assignments you need to write. Instead of trying to write something to your standard, start to write an essay that you feel is on par with your best work. This way, you will have a better idea of what the quality of your work should be.When you start your assignment on how to write your self essay, you should take some time to explore what you like and dislike about yourself. What were your strengths and weaknesses as a student? Some students might enjoy doing research, or creative writing, while others might enjoy things like getting away and reading a book.Some students like to choose topics that they enjoy, while others don't like to write about these subjects at all. What matters is that you write about something that you are passionate about. If you are passionate about poetry, then choose a poem and write about it. However, if you find that you aren't an artist, then focus on one subject like poetry or history, instead of choosing something like this.As for writing a Self Essay, some students find that they don't understand what to write about. This happens to a lot of students, and unfortunately it is caused by not having enough idea of what you want to write about. Start by reviewing some of your notes from the past year. Look at your grades, ask the teacher if you could talk to her, and ask someone in your class if they have ideas for topics.There are some topics that are very difficult to write about, so it is important that you do some research about this topic first. There are many books and online resources that can help you with this, including examples and sources. Additionally, some students enjoy doing research on the topic that they are writing about, and some prefer to just write about the topic.Finally, you should remember that you shouldn't try to be pe rfect on your essay. When you try to write something perfect, you will not get the desired results, because you will be trying to overcompensate for something that you might not have been perfect about. Therefore, the most important thing is to write about something that you feel confident in.

Surf Excel - Free Essay Example

Feminism In The Scarlet Letter - 955 Words

Throughout the novel The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne displays powerful feminist ideas and behaviors present in many of the novel’s characters especially Hester Prynne. As the personalities and beliefs of the characters in The Scarlet Letter develop, rebellious acts against the traditional ways of Puritanical life unfold. Hawthorne depicts the rebellious nature of Hester, her daughter Pearl, and a few others to demonstrate the severe impacts these individuals have on the oppressing Puritan society, as well as the importance of breaking free from the strict and harsh Puritan lifestyle. Hawthorne reveals his bias mainly through Hester Prynne, the defiant anarchist and main character in the novel. By making Hester society’s antagonist,†¦show more content†¦She had the courage to disregard all of the pointing fingers and zone in on what was important to her†¦ divinity. As the story continues, Hester becomes more introverted. However, her rebellious nature is still fully intact. She, throughout the novel, has the occupation of being a seamstress of intricate, flashy clothing for neighboring puritans. This example helps first establish Hester as a cultural vigilante because traditional Puritans appear to dress in gray, dull clothing throughout the novel and history. In performing her job she is also publicizing an unholy image, which is traditionally forbidden, while still staying true to her womanly values. Her embroidery work can be seen as symbolism because this simple act goes much further than needle and thread. It resembles the things people do that are passageways of self-expression. She does this work in the midst of such a homogenous group of people. The sheep in which we call Puritans. Within the story Hawthorne makes a point of highlighting Hester’s autonomy. The quote, â€Å"[Hester would] supply food for her thriving infant and herself,† (Hawthorne 76) demonstrates her strong will of independence and the lack of reliability on others. Hawthorne shares this with the audience out of necessity. It lets the reader know that Hester is perfectly fit for the task of raising a child such as Pearl and conveys her acceptance of the woman she hasShow MoreRelatedFeminism in the Scarlet Letter1297 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper 11 March 2008 Hawthorne’s Hester Prynne and Feminism â€Å"In Heaven’s own time, a new truth would be revealed, in order to establish the whole relation between man and woman on a surer ground of mutual happiness† (ch.24).The definition of feminism would be women are inherently equal to men and deserve equal rights and opportunities. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s, The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne is the key example for feminism in the novel. In Puritan times, women were thought of as lesserRead MoreFeminism In The Scarlet Letter Essay1313 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is the true definition of feminism? Feminism is â€Å"the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes†, as well as, â€Å"organized activity on behalf of women’s rights and interests† (Merriam-Webster). The way feminism is related into literature is similar to that of society. Feminist literature discusses how a female character or some part of the fictional world is being hurt or deprived of a certain right that women deserve. In such a way, readers and authors alike are ableRead MoreEarly Feminism In The Scarlet Letter1421 Words   |  6 PagesHawthorne highlights the habitual societal conflict of surfacing gender equality ideology throughout The Scarlet Letter. The typical female role in society during the mid-seventeenth century was to be a caretaker. Hester Prynne’s sentence for breaking this stereotype through adultery is to wear a large, red letter A on her chest. Hawthorne uses Hester’s character to add characteristics of early feminism. For example, Hester not only takes on the so called male and female role put in place by society atRead MoreAntifeminist and Feminism within The Scarlet Letter1388 Words   |  6 PagesAntifeminist and Feminism within The Scarlet Letter In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† Hester Prynne is accused and convicted of adultery. During the puritan era women in this society had specific obligations and rights they had to maintain. By Hester having an affair and acting unladylike the community disapproved of her actions causing everyone to isolate her in her town. Due to Hester Prynne’s Isolation and the harsh judgment she received from everyone in her town, she goes throughRead MoreFeminism in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Essay551 Words   |  3 PagesWritten in 1850, The Scarlet Letter stood as a very progressive book. With new ideas about women, main characters’ stories intertwined, and many different themes, The Scarlet Letter remains today as a extremely popular novel about 17th century Boston, Massachusetts. Not only was the 19th century a time for the abolition of slavery movement but it was also the beginning of the first wave of feminism. Women such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Lucretia Mott catalyzed the women’sRead MoreHester As A Strong Female Character And The Scarlet Letter1572 Words   |  7 Pagesand The Scarlet Letter as a Feminist Novel In The Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, a question arises: Is The Scarlet Letter a feminist novel? First, what is feminism? Feminism is â€Å"the advocacy of women’s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men†. Feminism is really about a woman’s strength since the act of feminism causes a woman to go against traditional views and be ridiculed for that. What does feminism have to do with The Scarlet Letter? HawthorneRead MoreRomanticism And Transcendentalism In Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter956 Words   |  4 Pages The Scarlet Letter - Research Paper Nathaniel Hawthorne is 19th-century author whose works were primarily classified as romanticism and transcendentalism. His works held many controversial elements for his time including the extensive use of feminist principles. Many of Hawthornes novels depict a different viewpoint on the defiance towards misogyny and patriarchal ways. The Scarlet Letter furthermore enhances these elements. Hawthorne’s novel, The Scarlet Letter, portrays the many elements of feminismRead MoreHester Prynnes Development Of Women In The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1204 Words   |  5 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne’s,The Scarlet Letter, conveys Hester Prynne’s struggles against the oppressive Puritan society of the 1630s, which leads to the illumination of her progressive feminist views. Hester’s sin of adultery leaves her shunned from her pious New England community, but the extreme consequences that she encounters highlight the notion that she recognizes women as possess ing equal capabilities and strengths as men. Hester evinces feminism throughout Hawthorne’s novel, without ever trulyRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1193 Words   |  5 PagesThe Scarlet Letter, is most often referred to as Nathaniel Hawthorne’s best work. It gives a detailed image of life in a Puritan society. The heroine of the book-Hester Prynne, defies power, and rebels against colonial rule. Laws composed of religious convictions and individual beliefs. Through Hester’s action, you can depict a feminist consciousness. She differs from traditional colonial woman who s sole purpose it to be obedient, despite the unfair rules carried out by puritan men. Hester representsRead MoreIs The Scarlet Letter A Feminist Novel?1456 Words   |  6 PagesAshley Noack M. Chau-Lee English 3H 11/ 13/14 Is The Scarlet Letter A Feminist Novel? A feminist is defined in the British Dictionary as a person who advocates equal rights for women. However incredulous it may sound, women had to fight for rights for equality in things such as politics, economics, and their personal affairs. If the revolutionary feminist concepts were surfacing in the time of Nathaniel Hawthorne, circa 1850, then how was it that he was inspired to write Hester’s character? However

Prejudice and Racism in The Jewel in the Crown and Heart...

Racism in The Jewel in the Crown and Heart of Darkness The effects of British colonialism are reflected in literature from both early modernism and post colonialism. Racial discrimination tainted both eras portrayed in the British morale of white supremacy over non-European counties unfolded. Heart of Darkness exemplifies early modernism in the British explorers viewed African natives of the Congo as incapable of human equality due to perceived uncivilized savagery. Personal interaction between races was little to none, as the freshly conquered Africans were still viewed as alien. Likewise, Jewel in the Crown, exemplifies of post colonialism, echoes racism from the British Rule in India. Postcolonial literature evolved from†¦show more content†¦383). Even though Hari is Indian, He was raised in England. After Hari followed his fathers dream to return to India excepted by the English . He instead learned the English value that an Indian an Englishmen could never meet on equal terms (Jc part 5:p.248). The white supremacy attitude of inequality based largely on skin color, effected where the interracial couple felt comfortable exploring the nature of human bonding. They finally felt confide to Biblighar, as no white man or white women would come into the gardens since the gardens always seemed to have a purely Indian connection (Jewel in the Crown, P. 379). The couples restriction to be publicly shamed for a black and white couples restricted the emotion of Daphnes instinctual bond with Hari. Daphne expresses a similar kinship blind of race as Marlows view as she affirms that a friendship between two human beings cant be limited in this way(JC.p.389). As the learned prejudice instilled in the both literary characters begin to dissolve, the theme resonates the questioning of British values in the exploration of human bonding. The British superior right of to conquer and rule over people indigenous of there own nation was questioned. The value could not hold true as some British people. The theme is evident as Marlow begins to feel compassion for the conquered African people, especially after experiencing loss due to the death of his African Helmsmen. TheShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesstories had been based on the exploitation of indigenous labor and precious minerals in the highlands of the hemisphere, and of African slaves and cash crops in its tropical islands and coastal lowlands. Peru and Mexico were the jewels of the Spanish imperial crown. Saint-Domingue and Barbados were two of the rich- WORLD MIGRATION IN THE LONG TWENTIETH CENTURY †¢ 27 est spots on the planet, worth much more to their French and British colonial masters than the vast expanses of Louisiana

Free Somebody by LUNA free essay sample

â€Å"Free Somebody,† the first solo mini album by pitch-perfect f(x) vocalist Luna (Park Sun-young), proves that individual elements can be just as enticing as the entire group. Its lean six tracks are pure sonic gold; each is completely cohesive instrumentally while also providing enough airspace where Luna’s beautifully-rounded voice can soar. Another impressive factor, she also helped pen and produce two of the songs, which K-POP is not really known for (perhaps especially not goliath entertainment company SM, to which Luna is signed), although it is becoming more common in South Korea’s vibrant music scene. It all begins with the rollicking title track of the same name, the standout of the massively impressive album. â€Å"Free Somebody,† is somehow both raucous and dreamily smooth, combining to form an eclectic dance-RB track. The waviness of the verses is outmatched, however, by the urgent-sounding chorus, an exploding bravado of flawless vocals and dance-worthy electronica. We will write a custom essay sample on Free Somebody by LUNA or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It would’ve been a perfect addition to 2015’s superb f(x) album â€Å"Four Walls,† and it’s surely a perfect addition here. â€Å"Free Somebody† ranks high on the list of the best K-pop songs of 2016. â€Å"Breathe† seems at first a sharp contrast from â€Å"Free Somebody,† and in many ways it is. It would make sense for a soft ballad to precede the excitement of an explosive single before it. But â€Å"Breathe† is so much more than stereotype and conventionality. It’s a powerhouse that gets more and more emotional and impressive vocally as it goes on. Even without looking up the lyrics, you can tell Luna is singing to someone, about someone, for someone. This is more than some song to her; you can sense the dedication in her effortless vibrato. Luna sings with pure and real emotion in her voice and uses that feeling for all the highs and lows, the powerful chorus and the light opening verses. She turns an otherwise conventional song into something of beauty and uniquity, proving that her talent is not to be questioned or ignored. By this point in the record expectations are high, and â€Å"Keep On Doin’† – a song about being yours elf and instructing you to â€Å"color yourself in this black and white world† – keeps the bar set high. From its garbled electronic opening, â€Å"Keep on Doin’† flourishes, propelled by Luna’s strong-as-ever vocals and it’s catchy chorus. Even just now, it seems that every song on this album was meticulously constructed, and it’s paid off for the listener. Perhaps there are too little words to describe â€Å"I Wish,† and all its dreamy synth glory. It, like the other tracks before it, does not adhere to modern pop’s guidelines. At first listen it may seem sweet, almost bubblegum; but upon further listening, a subtle trap beat is discovered under the beautifully stuttering chorus. Of course, the vocals are stellar, and it was unexpected to hear such light lilts after all of Luna’s powerhouse belting. â€Å"I Wish,† is a glittering percussive treat for the mind. â€Å"Galaxy† returns the record to the EDM greatness achieved by â€Å"Free Somebody† before it. Like the title track, its biggest strength is the cinematic chorus where Luna’s powerful voice soars over a fast-moving EDM bass. It doesn’t lose any momentum in the verses, either, instead basically using them as high-powered bridges to keep the song an energetic three-minute blitz. â€Å"Galaxy† would be a stellar title track for any artist, and it easily could’ve been the single if it weren’t for the perhaps superior, earth-shattering â€Å"Free Somebody.† As the sixth and final track, â€Å"My Medicine,† makes for a routinely light and personal send-off. The repeated hook of â€Å"no matter what,† asserts that while this may be the end of the album, it’s not the last that we’ll hear of Luna and her spectacular voice. â€Å"Free Somebody† may be Luna’s first mini album on her own, but it sounds like the work of a seasoned soloist. Flaws are very hard to find, and when audible they are out-shined by the album’s brilliance. It’s a treasure chest filled with timeless gems that complement one another perfectly; a near-masterwork of a flourishing artist who affirms herself as a mainstay in the industry.

Globalization and National Governance free essay sample

The paper explores the question whether globalization brings positive change or whether it describes the organized attempt to exploit the poor and the less fortunate citizens of the world for the benefit of the rich. The paper discusses the arguments for and against globalization. It shows that opponents for globalization are not against globalization itself rather, the opposition is against threats to the environment, degradation of the poor and other ills that globalization may bring. It shows on the other hand activists for globalization who cite that globalization is necessary to push developing countries into the 21st century; offering much needed jobs and economic stimulation. The paper discusses how the case for global governance remains split between those who do not want to relinquish their constitutional rights and those who believe that global governance is necessary in this day and age. At an Economic Forum in Australia in 2000 Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft and multi millionaire expressed his agreement with globalization. We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization and National Governance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mr. Gates points out that living standards have gone up and poorer countries are now able to buy the necessities such as medicine. Mr. Gates also adds that if globalization is hindered the biggest losers will be the deprived citizens of the world. Even though Mr. Gates offers no qualifying data to support his opinion, the International Monetary Fund reported that social standards around the world has increased as United Nations Human Development Indicators divulge.

Brettonwoods Institution Essays

Brettonwoods Institution Essays Brettonwoods Institution Essay Brettonwoods Institution Essay 1 . What are the Bretton Woods Institutions? = There are two Bretton Woods institutions that were established by the planners at Bretton Woods in 1945. These are International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The IMF works to promote global economic growth and stability to different countries by providing policies and financing nations that are in need. The World Bank, on the other hand, lends money to devastated countries because of war and needful countries for rehabilitation and development programs. 2. What circumstances led to its formation? There are 2 reasons that I can see that led to the formation of the Bretton Woods institutions based on my research. During the Great Depression, many countries, rich or poor, were affected economically. It was a devastating worldwide economic depression after World War II. And a lot of countries were afraid for this to happen again so this is one of the two reasons why they formed the Bretton Woods Institutions. They formed these institutions to promote global economic growth and stability so that the happening in 1930 wont happen again. Another reason behind he formation of these institutions is the reconstruction of the different countries that were devastated after the World War II. Countries that were devastated after the war needed aid from the US to rebuild their nation. US used this moment to make Britain choose. But since Europe was devastated they had no choice but to accept the aid and let US prosper in the global economy. This moment was very sad for Britain because not only war the affected them terribly but also the turning point where financial power was turned from I-JK to US. 3. How did this change the relation etween/ among countries and nation states? = The United States of America became more influential than before. This can be seen when France applied for a loan in World Bank. World Bank secured that France will be able to pay the loan. But before they approved the loan, the United States Department told the French Government that it had to remove first its members associated with the Communist Party. The French complied with this and only after hours that the loan was approved. In this scenario we can see how US influenced things to be done. Focusing on the third world countries, it was difficult for them. The Bretton Woods institutions were focused more on the First world countries that the third world countries cannot cope up with policies of the Bretton Wood Institutions. To make this more specific, here is an excerpt from an essay by Victor Dike about the effect of Bretton Woods institution to third world countries. Nigeriais external borrowing dates back to the colonial period. The last colonial loan was a 1958 World Bank loan to finance the Borno Railway extension (Dike 1990, p. 3). As we have seen, the experiences of other developing nations suggest that devaluation exert a contradictory impact on real output and employment. Yet they have continued with it. Why? The reasons are contradic-tory. When Nigeria approached the International Monetary Fund in 1983 for loan, the Fund massive cuts in public subsidies in Nigeria (e. g. gasoline) made life difficult for the people. In June 1986 General Babangida announced the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) for the period of July 1986-June 1988 for the country. As social scientists have noted, the SAP was a recipe for a chain of social and political instability in Nigeria. There were riots in urban areas across the nation during this period. Many local plants were closed for lack of material inputs and spare parts. The impacts culminated in massive retrenchment of workers. The adverse effects of the SAP programs are still with Nigeria today. The economic recovery programs (the austerity measures and the SAP) were within the policy-framework recommended by the World Bank and the IMF. The key elements of the SAP programs include: 1). Exchange rate devaluation; 2). Liberalization of export trade; 3). Cut in budgetary spending; 4). Reduction of subsidies; 5) Abolition of subsidized commodity board; 6). Privatization of public enterprises; 7). Rationalization of civil service employment; and 8). Tight monetary policy (Usman, March 1999, as cited in The Guardian, April 28, 1999). Comparatively, it is appropriate to indicate that the IMF and the World Bank operate loan policies that are favorable to the GIO nations (the United States, Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Canada, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Switzerland. In this we can see that these countries would rather sacrifice their domestic economic growth for them to be able to borrow from World Bank. These loan policies should be not only focused on first world countries but also for these countries like Nigeria. As a suggestion, there should be friendly policies based on the domestic growth of a state. So that these institutions can promote global economic stability not only for first world countries but also for these kind of countries.

Consumer Problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Consumer Problems - Essay Example It is identified that carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and extreme heat produced during the disaster amplify the dreadfulness of mattress fires. This paper will explore the lethal effects of mattress fires and will also recommend solutions to the issue. Potential issues of mattress fires As per the report released by CPSC representatives, mattress fire causes 700-1000 deaths annually (Mattress and bedding fires). This huge mattress fires related death rates point out the severity of the issue. According to Mullan (2004), national fire loss estimates assert that mattresses and bedding were the major cause to ignite in 19, 400 residential fire cases attended by fire service during 1995-1999. Although many regulations have been initiated to address the issue, none of them could effectively avoid the mattress fires. The regulations could persuade industries to manufacture fire resistant mattresses. However, even the restructured mattresses are not capable of preventing the spread of fire . The issue has turned to be one of the major social concerns in the United States as technology did not develop an effective method to eliminate this problem. Although cigarette smoking in bed is the main cause of mattress fires, type of suits the individuals wearing, the furniture used, and the room setting also add to the rapid spread of the mattress fires. It is important to note that mattress fires spread very quickly in an uncontrollable manner and hence it increases the chances of fatalities and huge economic loss. According to United States Deputy Fire Administrator Chief Charlie Dickinson (as cited in Morales, 2004), mattress fire doubles itself every minute. From the reported mattress fire cases, it is observed that users of mattresses, their family members, and neighbors in nearby apartment units are at risk of mattress fire. It is assumable that the mattress fire victims would probably be asleep and it adds to the severity of the issue. Similarly, kids and aged persons a re easily affected by mattress fires since they lack sufficient physical fitness to leave the disaster spot instantly. Carbon monoxide is the deadly gas released during mattress fire disasters and it would kill individuals before the flames do. Many consumers are of the belief that previous government regulations have completely eliminated mattress fires; however, these regulations could only reduce the risks associated with mattress disasters. Solutions Obviously, it is difficult to stop the mattress fires completely; therefore, it would be better to explore some remedies that would mitigate the dreadfulness of this issue. Firstly, people must get aware of the dreadfulness of mattress fire and the available disaster response techniques. The adult persons must be careful about removing their children and aged parents from bed at the time of disaster. In addition, one must close the doors to stop fire and call the fire service department. It is advisable for the fire service departme nt to provide awareness programs to the public. Likewise, it is not practical to inhibit people from smoking in bed; hence, it is better to place a protective material layer in between sheets and mattress. In the opinion of Hammack (as cited in Sumi and Williams-Leir, 1969), woolen blankets, cotton cloth treated with a commercial launderable fire retardant, and certain types of plastic sheeting are the effective defensive measures to prevent

SWOT Analysis of Coca Cola and Pepsi Term Paper

SWOT Analysis of Coca Cola and Pepsi - Term Paper Example This paper seeks to compare and contrast the elements of business adapted by the two soft drinks giants, including PEST and SWOT analyses (Elsbach, 2006). Additionally, the paper analyzes the business culture, performance, and other organizational elements of the two giant organizations. Coca Cola and Pepsi share a similar history: an insignificant business from a simple idea that grows to a multi-billion dollar company after a century. Currently, Coca Cola sales in more than 160 countries to over 6 billion people speaking more than eighty different languages. Similarly, Pepsi is a recognized brand in the whole world, operating in numerous countries and actively competing with Coca Cola for market share. Both organization use mass-marketing strategies, focusing on the entire market rather than particular segments. Moreover, both companies offer similar product line to the same industry, thus propagating stiff competition. Both companies are very innovative as far as product packaging is concerned. Coca Cola introduced the airtight bottle concept, a major revolution of in the packaging and bottling industry. Similarly, Pepsi followed suit and introduced different sizes of returnable bottles (Fernando, 2006). The concept of non-returnable bottles, frosted bottles, and cans is attributable to both the giants. SWOT Analysis of Coca Cola and Pepsi Strengths Both Pepsi and Coke have long history of the world culture for quite some time. The products from the two companies represent over-romanticism and fun, an image that majority of people take deeply at heart. In addition, the brands are well recognized throughout the world, a major strong point. This enables them to operate on the global market while maintaining a local approach. Independent business people with authority to sell and distribute Coke and Pepsi products operate and own majority of the local bottling companies. Indeed, Pepsi and Coke have among the largest distribution networks in the world, which is among the strengths of the two companies (Fernando, 2006). Weaknesses Similar to any other businesses, Coke and Pepsi have their own weaknesses. For instance, the cola drinks from the two companies have experienced a significant saturation and subsequent decline in the past few years. This is attributable to the increasing awareness on the contents of the drinks. Nowadays, consumers are more attracted to healthy drinks than carbonated soft drinks, as addiction to cola drinks has an adverse effect on the human body (Czinkota, Ronkainen, and Moffett, 2009). Opportunities One of the factors affecting the competitive positions of Pepsi and Coke is brand recognition. About 94% of the world populations are aware of the two brands. Despite the saturation in North America, the two brands have enormous potential to expand and operate in non-North American market. For instance, per head consumption of Coke in India is only six bottles per head compared to 700 bottles in the United States. The refore, the two companies have potential for expansion (Oppong, 2011). Threats Being the industry leaders, the two companies face significant threats from emerging companies in the industry. Moreover, the companies are facing serious threats of substitute. Consumers are more attracted to healthier drinks, including coffee, tea, milk, hot chocolate, and milk. Nonetheless, the two giants control over 40% of the

A History of Total quality management

A History of Total quality management Total quality management is the integration of all functions and processes within an organization in order to achieve continuous improvement of the quality of products and service. Deming defined quality as a never ending cycle of continuous improvement(Allotey, 2003, p.7), Juran defined it as fitness for use (purpose) (Estafanous, Barash, Reves, 2001, p.951). Bearing in mind that TQM is a long term improvement process which requires significant resources. It is also important to realize that TQM is a dynamic process not a static process that is based upon continuous efforts to improve quality. Since there are no deadlines or targets to be met then TQM can never be considered complete which makes it to become a way of life. (Mehra Ranganathan, 2008) During the early years of manufacturing, inspection was used as a tool to decide if a workers job or a product met its requirements. In fact, at that time inspection was not done in a systematic way, yet it worked well when the volume of production was low. However, as organizations became larger and more complicated the need for more effective operations became obvious. (Montogomery, 2001, p.9) In the early 1900s, The Father of Scientific Management Frederick W. Taylor helped to satisfy this need. He proposed a framework for the effective use of people in industrial organizations through his book The Principles of Scientific Management which was republished yet again in 2008. One of his concepts was clearly defined tasks performed under standard conditions. Inspection was one of these tasks and was intended to ensure that no faulty product left the workshop or the factory, it also focuses on the product and detection of problem in the product, and testing every item to ensure that the product match as the requirements or specifications. This process is carried out at the end of the production process and requires specially trained inspectors. The need to performing this process was the reason that led to the emergence of a separate inspection department which resulted in the emergence of defect prevention concept which led to quality control. (Webb Gorman, 2006, P.32) (M ontogomery, 2001) The roots of Total Quality Management can be traced back to the 1920s when Dr W. Shewhart developed the application of statistical methods for the management of quality. He demonstrated that variation in the production process leads to the variation in the product, thus by eliminating the variation of the process a good standard of end product can be achieved. The theory of Statistical Quality Control focuses on the product and detection and control of quality problems that involves testing samples and statistically inferring compliance of all products. This process is carried out throughout the production process and requires trained production people as well as quality control professionals. Towards the end of 1920s the theory was further developed by Dodge, and Romig who developed statistically based acceptance sampling as an alternative to 100% inspection (Webb Gorman, 2006, P.32) (Montogomery, 2001). In 1940s, the quality guru Deming with his peer co-workers Juran and Feigenbaum continued with the improvement of the theory. However, instead of focusing just on quality of products the concept rapidly widened to evolve quality of all issues within an organization i.e. Total Quality Management. (Webb Gorman, 2006, P.32) During the 1950s, many Japanese products were low quality and viewed by the world as junk products. Industrial leaders in Japan recognized this problem and decided to produce high quality products. In fact, Japanese might have not been able to achieve the aim of high quality products unless they had had the help of quality gurus such as Deming, Juran, and Feigenbaum (Soin, 1999, p.1). Deming suggested that this aim could be achieved within just five years. As a matter of fact not many Japanese believed what Deming claimed. However, they followed his suggestion in order not to lose face and because they respected him (Deming, 1995, p.139). In the late 1950s, quality control management developed rapidly and became the main theme of Japanese management. Interestingly, the idea did not stop at the management level. In the early 60s the concept of the quality control circle was first introduced in Japan by K. Ishikawa (Montogomery, 2001, p.10). A quality circle is a group of workers who meet and discuss issues to improve all aspects of workplace and make presentations to management with their ideas for improvement. In this way workers were motivated because they felt that they were involved and listened to (Cole, 1979, p.135). Another advantage was the idea of improving not only the quality of product but also all aspects of organizational issues, which probably was the start of Total Quality. The term Total Quality was first used by Feigenbaum at the first international quality control conference in Tokyo in 1969. (Stephens Juran, 2004, p.77) During the 80s and 90s a new phase of management and quality control began, which became known as Total Quality Management (TQM). Zairi et al (1994) defined TQM as a license to practise. Although there are many other different definitions for TQM yet the concept is still the same. Nowadays, TQM may be called Business Excellence and has a more clearly defined approach (Montogomery, 2001, p.10). Quality movement in Saudi Arabia: Total Quality Management has caught the attention of organizations worldwide ever since its tremendous success in Japan. The term TQM (Total Quality Management) is a management technique in which customer satisfaction is given the prime importance, and the deliverables are made highly acceptable not just through Quality Control techniques but by focussing on the process, encouraging employees to pursue quality and reducing the cost of production. And just like other countries who wish to be world class, organizations in Saudi Arabia are also trying hard to keep up to pace by implementing TQM widely throughout the country. (Al-Sulimani, 1995) In 1973 Saudi Arabia established the Saudi Arabian Standards Organization (SASO), an independent organization concerned with implementation of standards, on the local and international levels. It is also responsible for overseeing quality aspects of locally produced products. SASO developed over time and became the most important Saudi organization concerned with formulating and approving national standards for all commodities and products as well as standards for other quality aspects such as metrology, calibration, marking and identification, methods of sampling, inspection and testing. In addition to this it is also responsible for setting the rules for granting certificates of conformity and quality marks and regulation of their issuance and use. During the early 90s the growth of the quality movement in Saudi enlarged and the first non-profit organization (NPO) in the form of Saudi Arabian Quality Council in the Eastern Province was established and was sponsored by Saudi Aramco. In 1994, with the increasing awareness of the importance of Total Quality Management as a powerful tool for improving the work culture Saudi Quality Council (SQC) established its branch in the Western Region of the country with only 4 members however this organization was later transformed into an independent organization that is operating under the sponsorship of Engineering Committee. In the year 2000, this society was renamed to become known as SQC (WR). The mission of this non-profit, nongovernmental society which has operated in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia over 15 years so far is to advance individual and organizational performance excellence through providing opportunities for learning, quality improvement, and knowledge sharing. SQC (WR) started its actions by executing a SWOT (Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis of the status of quality in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The results of the analysis were then utilized to set up long term goals such as making quality a part of Saudi corporate Culture as well as setting short term goals for SQC (WR). King Abdulaziz Quality Award (KAQA): Since its establishment SQC (WR) has managed to organize 150 meetings with a quality theme and has had the participation of over than 7000 quality experts and more than 1700 members from different walks of life in its activities with Healthcare, Education, Construction and Engineering and Business Excellence Interest Groups. SQC (WR) also contributed in establishing and formulating the King Abdulaziz Quality Award (KAQA), a prestigious National Quality Award in Saudi Arabia that intends to maximize quality, efficiency and productivity in different sectors within the kingdom (Al-Amri, 2010). The award was approved in the year 2000 and has the objectives of: Increasing awareness of quality and the importance of its application. Motivating and gently pushing public as well as private sectors to adopt and apply the principles of (TQM). Increasing the quality in the production and services sectors to enhance their competitiveness in the global markets Improving organizational leadership to achieve the total quality management objectives and fulfil their responsibilities Ensuring Continuous improvement in the performance of all production and services processes Encouraging organizations commitments to national and international standards Awarding organizations which achieve the highest level of quality Increasing organizations participation in building and serving the society Building strong relationships with customers, employees, suppliers, and investors to satisfy them and gain their loyalty by applying the best methodology that help determine and deliver their requirements needs and expectations. Establishing a database for the King Abdul Aziz Quality Award Adopting quality strategic planning in order to set business plans and objectives and methods for implementation Training and developing the national workforce and creating a better work environment and improving the efficiency and technical skills of employees to enhance quality Making use of all available national resources to support operational and economic performance on the organizational level and on the national level Measuring performance level in different business areas and comparing it with the performance level of competitors and measuring results improvement Communicating the leading Saudi experiences in regards to quality and to make use of these experiences, and increasing the number of quality experts. (KAQA, no date supplied) According to Al-Amri (2010) the year 2008-2009 will always be remembered as a Year of Quality in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the great achievements that were achieved by the quality movement starting with the introduction and administration of (KAQA). However, without sustainability TQM initiatives usually fail because the main idea behind TQM is continuity over time and integration of quality management initiatives into daily organizational operations (Curry Kadasah, 2002).In support of this further Al-Turki Andijani, (1997) insist on the need for more programmes to be adopted in order to increase awareness of the importance of continuous improvement in Saudi organizations. Work Culture There has been an increasing awareness in Saudi on the importance of Total Quality management as a powerful tool for improving the work culture (Najeh Kara-Zairi, 2007) (Al-Turki Andijani, 1997). Lack of understanding about the concept of TQM by employees, limitation of information available on TQM, lack of support from senior management, focus on quick profit, and lack of documented policies and procedures appear to the author to be factors that hinder the implementation of TQM in Saudi organizations. In support of this (Ahmed Tannock, 2008) have highlighted the limited progress which has been made in quality management development in Arabic-speaking countries. People from different countries often do things differently according to their culture. Furthermore, the culture of the same country differs from one region to another and that individuals of the same culture have different beliefs and behaviours. One way to express these variations in behaviour is the idea of culture (Treven, Mulej, Lynn, 2008), referring to this Al-Sulimani (1995) mentions the difficulties and challenges of implementing the concept of Total quality management in Saudi because of the multinational workforce which is estimated to represent 60 per cent of the total labour force of Saudi Arabia (Woodworth Said, 1996). On the other hand he also argues that a workforce with experienced foreigners should improve the knowledge of the Saudi workforce. Hofstedes five Cultural Dimensions: According to Hofstede (2009) Culture is more often a source of conflict than of synergy. Cultural differences are a nuisance at best and often a disaster. (To be completed) Power distance index (PDI): This dimension represents the extent to which the less powerful member of organizations accepts and expects unequal distribution of power and wealth. The Geert Hofstede analysis of this dimension for the Arab word including Saudi Arabia suggests a large power distance in that region, a score of 80 was recorded for this dimension see figure (1). This is according to Hofstede due to the fact that Arab societies follow a caste system that disables any significant upward mobility of its citizens. Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI): This dimension indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either comfortable or uncomfortable in unstructured situations. The Hofstede analysis of this dimension for the Arab word including Saudi Arabia suggests that Arab societies are highly rule-oriented with laws, rules, regulations, and controls to increase the amount of certainty. Individualism (IDV): This dimension represents the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups. The Hofstede analysis of this dimension for the Arab word including Saudi Arabia suggests that the Arab society tends to be collectivist society. The score recorded for this dimension is 38, which is considerably less than the world average ranking of 64. Masculinity (MAS): This dimension represents the distribution of roles between the genders. The Hofstede analysis of this dimension for the Arab word including Saudi Arabia suggests that women in the Arab countries are limited in their rights due to Muslim religion not due to cultural paradigm see figure (1). Long-Term Orientation (LTO): This dimension is said to deal with Virtue regardless of Truth. This dimension has not been applied to the Arab word. Hofstede does not report any results for Arab countries in relation to long and verses short term orientation.

HMO Regulation Essay -- essays research papers

HMO Regulation Health Maintenance Organizations, or HMO’s, are a very important part of the American health care system. Also referred to as managed care programs, HMO's are combinations of doctors and insurance companies that are formed into one organization. This organization provides treatment to its members at fixed costs and decides on what treatment, if any, will be given based on the patient's or doctor's current health plan. Sometimes, no treatment is given at all. HMO's main concerns are to control costs and supposedly provide the best possible treatment to their patients. But it seems to the naked eye that instead their main goal is to get more people enrolled so that they can maintain or raise current premiums paid by consumers using their service. For HMO's, profit comes first- not patients' lives. HMO’s are groups of doctors hired by insurance companies and are usually controlled or regulated by the hospitals who facilitate them. The majority of this limitation is due to pressure from within the organization or government pressure. The government influences hospitals into denying treatment in order to cut federal costs. These government actions generally result in a revision of private employee health care claims, and in turn certain businesses can no longer afford to provide health insurance for their employees. Consequently, approximately 50 to 60 million people go without insurance for at least one month each year. Many HMO’s constantly evaluate their services to "ensure" the best care and coverage. But in many cases, what is happening is the exact opposite. HMO's can and do conduct their business quite ruthlessly. Patients are continuously unable to receive the necessary treatment due to the insufficient HMO coverage. Many HMO's actually make more money if their doctors see or treat fewer patients. According to the Associated Press, â€Å"Consumers who have been denied a treatment that the HMO says is not covered, or who inadvertently fail to follow HMO guidelines in seeking treatment and are therefore denied reimbursement, will continue to have little recourse.† (2) Many people must drive for hours, generally sick or injured, simply to receive treatment from a doctor that will be covered by their HMO. Another downfall to HMO coverage is selective-contracting. This is a process where hospitals deny treatment to patients because their... ...ts to cover their mistakes. This is the exact opposite of what the country needs. Why should costs go up because of denied treatment? The big concern is whether or not government really understands the great difficulty in trying to control HMO’s and other health care programs without a nationalized program. Since there are some 6 million people using Medicare in HMO’s something needs to be done to ensure these patients the treatment that they need. In conclusion, there still needs to be a lot of work done to health care in the United States. Other nations provide universal health care to their citizens, but this would cause dilemmas in balancing two often conflicting policy goals: providing the public with equitable access to needed pharmaceuticals while controlling the costs. Universal health care probably would not work in the U.S. because our nation is so diverse and our economy is so complex. The system we have now obviously has its problems, and there is a lot of rom for improvement. HMO’s will still create problems for people and their medical bills, but they definitely should be monitored to see that their patients are receiving just treatment.

The Yanomamo and the Fierce Anthropologist

The Fierce Anthropologists The controversy revolving the tribe of the Yanomamo and the professionals linked to anthropology has caught the world’s attention. Rapid and unforeseeable events have set the tone for the controversy. The study of these Amazonian Indians, who live in regions of the Venezuela and Brazil border, has turned in western exploitation. Accusations about of unethical anthropologist are abundant, but little facts about such accusations are evident. The grand attention that these events have attained has turned into a focus on larger issues in anthropological practices.By comparing the approach and relationships of other research projects, we can identify just ethical standards. Most of the controversy stems from the publications about the Yanomamo tribe by anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon. His 1968 volume Yanomamo: The Fierce People made the tribe famous due to good writing and extensive interaction with one of the most isolated people on the planet. But ultim ately, the way that he portrayed them–violent and fierce–is what attracted wide audiences.Much of his books and his video productions are centralized around the theme that the Yanomamo have an immutable trait of violence. According to Chagnon, he collected data, interacted with opposing Yanomamo villages, and received testimony to arrive to his findings. His researched was very lucrative; his book sold more than 4 million copies, which is well beyond the average of other ethnographies. He not only gained financial benefits, he began to be praised and attacked by people around the globe. People accused Chagnon of exaggerating the fact that violence is a part of their culture.For instance, French anthropologist Jacques Lizot, who lived with the Yanomamo for more than twenty years, said that violence is periodic; it does not govern their social life for long periods of time. It is worth noting that Lizot was accused of homosexual acts with young Yanomamo and distributing guns. Others, like Kenneth Good, accused Chagnon of sensationalizing violence, which he elaborated in his book, New Yorkers: The Mugging and Murdering People. He explains that just because violence occurs within the Yanomamo, does not mean they should all be generalized as violent.Good also received backlash for his research because he married a young Yanomamo girl, whom he now has three children with. Another compelling argument came from the studies of Brian Ferguson. He identified Chagnon’s representation of violence as a historical situation. He states that there is a spike in violence during contact with Westerners. As it relates to Chagnon, because he brought western manufactured goods, such as steel and iron tools, he disrupted trading relationships, which lead to inter-village violence for the unequal access of those scarce and desired tools.Among all the accusers, journalist Patrick Tierney gave the controversy the most attention. Tierney’s book, Darkness in E l Dorado: How Scientist and Journalist Devastated the Amazon, explored the affects of Yanomamo’s exposure to the outside world. Published in 2000, the book accuses Chagnon of misrepresenting the Yanomamo as fierce people, being responsible for warfare by interrupting trading relationships, staging film scenes, fabricating data, giving unsupported claims of being the first to contact with the Yanomamo, violating Venezuelan law, and overall unethical practices.The next set of accusations involves geneticist James Neel, who joined Chagnon in the fieldwork of the Yanomamo in 1968. He accuses Neel of helping the measles epidemic worsen because he provided outdated vaccines and misadvised the Yanomamo, which resulted in the deaths of thousands. Many of these accusations were prevalent since Chagnon’s work in the 1960’s, but Tierney’s publication brought them together for mainstream audiences. Subsequently, the American Anthropological Association (AAA) was comp elled to launch an investigation on the controversy.After investigating the abundant accusations, the AAA exonerated Neel from worsening or causing the measles epidemic, found insufficient evidence to charge Chagnon with all of Tierney’s accusation, but did find that he did not have the Yanomamo’s best interest in mind. It is undisputed that this controversy is repelling. Even if all of the accusations were false, the mere accusations show that ethical standards were broken. Surprisingly, the controversy does reap some positive consequences; it encourages personnel–within and outside the field–to consider the appropriate standards that anthropologist should be held to.Ethical questions arise, such as: how an anthropologist explains and gains consent from the targeted group, what is just compensation, or the dynamics and limits of ‘doing no harm’ to the subjects. The unbalance of power between the anthropologist from developed societies and th eir isolated subjects is a relationship that needs to be treated with delicacy to avoid exploitation. We can compare the relationship that researcher and filmmaker John Marshall had with the Juhoansi people of the Kalahari Desert for ethical analysis.John Marshall first went to the Kalahari in 1950 and researched the Juhoansi for fifty years thereafter. His relationship with the Juhoansi was one of friendships. He, alike other anthropologist, compensated the Juhoansi for their cooperation with western goods, but he did not stop there. During one of Marshall’s visits, he found the Juhoansi living in government settlements, which provided food relief and low wage jobs, but also inflicted alcohol abuse, domestic violence, and the lack of independence.In the late 1970’s, Marshall began to advocate for more water access and agricultural opportunity from the government. Because there was such a significant interruption to the traditional way of Juhoansi life, desired changes beset different challenges. Marshall justly compensated the Juhoansi and kept their best interest in mind to avoid causing harm to them. The latter characteristic is one that is of greatest importance because harm can come in direct and indirect ways that are temporary or permanent.The American Anthropological Association standard, labeled the ‘do no harm’ rule, is one that anthropologist often have little ability to prevent. At bare minimum, anthropologists almost always interrupt a group’s way of life when doing research and compensating with goods that are scarce to their environments. Interruptions in general, require adjustment and adaption, and when dealing with groups that have customs and traditions that have not changed for possibly hundreds of years, those adjustments are problematic and often prove to be vitally harmful.For instance, Chagnon’s and other Yanomamo researchers brought western goods and weapons into their community, which created a n interruption in trading and likely contributed to their state of warfare. Further, John Marshall also unintentionally created a significant interruption when his tire tracks that he created during his visits facilitated the contact with government entities, which ultimately changed most of the Juhoansi traditional ways of life.The difference between the two examples is that Marshall actually returned and improved their situation by advocating to their interests. Chagnon not only used more coercive techniques in gaining cooperation, there is also no trace of tangible efforts made to improve the harm he contributed to in the Yanomamo community. If the AAA standards were altered to ‘do not harm only while researching’ or compensate for cooperation, little ethical analysis would be needed, but that is not the case. Doing no harm to the group is indefinite and needs to be examined even after research is complete.Additionally, a â€Å"just† amount of compensation mea ns that it needs to be fair, not just in the context of the region researched, but also that of the western entities benefiting from it; i. e. ten machetes given to the Yanomamo for an ethnography research is not equivalent $500k and advancement in the anthropologist respective career. Alike the Yanomamo, the Juhoansi continue to face challenges due to outside interference. However, their interference mostly comes form governmental entities, and the Juhoansi have been assisted by Marshall and treated ethically by other anthropologists, like Richard Lee.On the other hand, the Yanomamo face problems from miners camping in their territories, destruction of the environment by mining and other outside forces, along with other governmental issues, but it is also clear that the Yanomamo have been significantly exploited by the western world. This could be because of the lack of oversight and/or due to little ethical standards. In any case, these unfortunate chain of events should serve a g reater purpose to the ethical standards of practicing anthropologist and aspiring students.

The Idea Of Perfection In Grendel By John Gardner

The Idea of Perfection in an Imperfect World Society has become addicted to achieving perfection. Its precedence can be seen in every aspect of life from sports to appearance. The illusion of human perfection motivates great feats yet it can also be the cause of infamous failures. Famous coach and commonly quoted motivator John Wooden once said â€Å"Perfection is impossibility but striving for perfect is not. Do the best you can. That is what counts.† Working for an idea or belief that is unreachable or in some cases may not even exist seems futile, but the success of the attempt does not outweigh the presence of the effort. The idea of perfection is unachievable because everything has flaws, but the path to perfection is walkable. In his†¦show more content†¦Along with this comes the authoritative voice, but also the ability to public speak. The point that Grendel focuses on is Beowulf’s eye contact or lack thereof. He pinpoints each aspect of Beowulf that d oes not fit the expectation and obsesses over it the same way one fixates on their own imperfections. These minuscule oddities are the only faults Grendel finds which serves to his discomfort because he is not able to understand Beowulf since he is so wholesome. The peculiarities Grendel preoccupies himself with are faults that in society are often not even counted as actual flaws. Grendel is so blinded with his misunderstanding of Beowulf that he cannot see his humanistic flaws or interior flaws, and since Grendel is the narrator the absence of these shows the tendency to look for any possible errors. Perfection is so sought after that even the closest attempts to it are ripped down by criticism. The problem with perfection is that there is no definition, an individual or even a majority does not truly know when perfection is even achieved. Gardner’s verbal irony highlights Grendel’s fear for the unknown, establishing that because of the discrepancy perfection creates among individuals it will never be attained. While Grendel examines Beowulf he undergoes a fit of horror, once it passes he proclaims, â€Å"Except for his curious beardlessness, there is nothing frighteningShow MoreRelatedJoker and Batman Essay9227 Words   |  37 Pagesofficial credit for the character. Batmans secret identity is Bruce Wayne, billionaire industrialist, playboy, and philanthropist. Witnessing the murder of his parents as a child leads him to train himself to the peak of physical and intellectual perfection, don a costume, and fight crime. Unlike most superheroes, he does not possess any superhuman powers or abilities; he makes use of intellect, detective skills, technology, and physical prowess in his war on crime. Contents [hide] 1 Publication